evolution of cell phones Essay examples - 601 Words

1 The improvement in technology has come such a long way in the last forty years. Comparing improvements in cars, televisions, computers, and cell phones is quite an easy task to do. The biggest technological improvement would have to be the cell phone with its major differences in appearance, and its usefulness/capability. Even in just the last few years there have been major changes to the cell phone, but comparing the first cell phone to todays is like comparing a caveman to a rocket scientist. On April 3rd, 1973, the very first cell phone call was made by a man named Martin Cooper. Martin was using a Motorola DynaTAC 8000x, or as most people know as the very first cell phone. At first glance the 8000x basically looked like some†¦show more content†¦Along with that, is the 8000x couldn’t do anything else, it was strictly made for phone calls. When compared to the cell phones today, the 8000x is way beyond outdated. In modern day there has been many improvements such as unlimited minutes, texting, and also the availability to search the web right from your phone. The technology is just way beyond that of which most people thought it would ever go. Most people would agree that the cell phone is now a necessity. It provides numerous ways for each other to contact each other through, calling, texting, picture messages, and even live face to face video chat. The cell phone today can do just about anything needed, and is an outstanding improvement from when the first cell phone was invented. Major improvements such as its appearance, and its overall usefulness and capability. Though the first cell phone was an extreme breakthrough for modern technology at the time, the technological advancement today has made the cell phone not only extremely handy, but considered by most as a necessity. Only time can tell what future cell phones will be like and how we can compare them to the way we use themShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution Of Cell Phones1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution of Cell Phones: 1995-Present Throughout the twentieth-century, different inventions and predictions were made to determine what the future would be like. For example, hover cars and advanced spacecraft were some of the most iconic pieces of predicted technology. Although hover cars still have yet to be refined some predictions of the twentieth-century are seen being used today, such as small portable communicators. Small portable communicators have enhanced the way people communicateRead MoreEvolution of Cell Phones1324 Words   |  6 Pages Today we refer to our phones as cellphones or mobile phones. However, that was not the case when they first came about. The term â€Å"radiotelephony† was used to describe what we now call our cell phones. Early radiotelephony, â€Å"early† dating back to the 1940’s, services was available for a very small amount of people. The very first mobile phones were better known as radiotelephones and were first used in the early part of the last century. Radiotelephones were originally used for ship-to-shore orRead MoreCell Phone Evolution948 Words   |  4 Pagesahold† or communicate with someone that was not within walking distance you would follow these three simple steps: First you would walk over to the nearest landline phone. Depending on if no one else in the household was currently using it, would determine if you would be able to talk to who you wanted. Next you would pick up the phone and begin dialing. This could be as easy as pushing the numbers or as difficult as putting your finger in a hold on a rotating piece of plastic, spinning it all theRead MoreThe Cell Phone Evolution Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cell Phone Evolution Table of Contents THE BEGINNING 3 A NEW WAY TO COMMUNICATE 4 PRESENT CELL PHONES 6 FUTURE CELL PHONES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 The Cell Phone Evolution THE BEGINNING Over a century ago, Alexander Graham Bell changed the way people communicated with each other. Back when he invented the phone in 1876, no one could imagine that over the next century, his invention would change the way societies interactRead MoreTechnology And Evolution Of Cell Phones2038 Words   |  9 Pages When cell phones were first introduced, they were large and expensive. In 1983 the first truly mobile phone was released by Motorola. It was the Motorola DynaTAC 8000x. To some people it is known as the â€Å"Zack Morris phone.† He used this phone on a regular basis in a popular television show called â€Å"Saved by the bell† which took place in the late 80’s to early 90’s. It was an extremely large device compared to the ones we are used to now and it was only designed to make phone calls. It was not oftenRead MoreCell Phone Evolution: Good and Bad1252 Words   |  6 PagesCell Phone Evolution: Good and Bad Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the world has become a smaller and faster place. The time used to travel to far distances has decreased. The growth of new technologies, traveling and communicating has become simple daily tasks for many people. Through the growth of global communication, people have become closer to others across the globe, and business has gone world wide. One invention that came along with the technological revolution is theRead MoreFor The Last Couple Of Decades, The Evolution Of Cell Phones1389 Words   |  6 Pagesthe evolution of cell phones has happened fast, and it has happened right before our eyes. The memories about having a house phone with a cord on a table or attached to the wall are still on my mind. Nowadays, however, a person needs only one device to do different things at the same time, when in the past one needed three different devices to be able to do their things, and it was time-consuming. Not everybody has adapted to the new era of cell phones. There are still people who think cell phonesRead MoreCommunication And Cell Phones : The Evolution Of Electronic Communication1339 Words   |  6 PagesThe evolution of social interaction, like so much of human existence, usually takes place over multiple generations. However, the advent of mobile cellular devices and their proliferating ownership and use has altered social interaction dramatically in the last decade; communication never stops. Instead of looking ahead while walking and engaging with other pedestrians, many people are looking down and interacting with their mobile device. Texting while driving is such a significant problem thatRead MoreEvolution of the Mobile Phone718 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom a cell phone. Martin Cooper, vice president of Motorola, walked out of a Manhattan building and made the first cellular network call from a DynaTAC phone. The first call was made to Bell Labs, Motorola’s largest competitor in the mobile marketing business. (Cheng, 2013) Cooper’s phone call started a trend in which technology constantly evolves. From the Motorola DynaTAC to the iPhone 5S, the mobile phone has evolved since the large, bulky device made in 1973. The very first cell phone was releasedRead MoreImpact of the Technology on Each Individual’s Behavior1129 Words   |  5 Pagesrecognize that it is a language evolution. And when it comes to cultures and lack of technology in the early days, Charles McGrath’s â€Å"The Pleasures of the Text† talk about the limitation of texts and the cultural reasons, so the abbreviations have start been using. The Campus Times keep talking about the abbreviations and the influences on today’s language. By CQ Researcher, it says people today are more connected than ever, and each individual relies on the cell phones to work, entertain, and even

Medea, Cruel Monster Or Heart Broken Mistress - 955 Words

Medea, Cruel Monster or Heart-Broken Mistress? Euripides’ Medea is a play that focuses on Medea, first wife of Jason, and her path to vengeance when he abandons her for another woman. We can sympathize with some of Medea’s actions and feelings while others we despise. For, deserting his own children and my mistress, Jason has taken a royal wife to his bed, ... She lies without food and gives herself up to suffering, Wasting away every moment of the day in tears. (17-18, 24-25) Jason has abandoned Medea and his own children in order to marry Glauce, the daughter of the king of Corinth. Jason appears to care only for raising his own standing in Corinth, forsaking his wife and children. These lines from the Nurse show the way Medea is affected by Jason s betrayal, she does not eat and spends her days lying in bed lamenting her fate. This is where we begin to empathize with Medea, the long journey that brought her to Corinth and cost her dearly, has now left her with nothing, her sacrifices worthless. MEDEA: Ah, wretch! Ah, lost in my sufferings, I wish, I wish I might die! (96-97) The first words we hear from Medea are her cries of helplessness coming from inside her house. In her first words she wishes for her own death to escape her suffering. These first few lines of Medea’s show us the level of pain and anguish she is experiencing. Seeing how she feels, wanting only to end her pain, we can sympathize with her as she has lost quite literally everything of value toShow MoreRelatedsecond sex Essay13771 Words   |  56 Pagesexterminating the males. The bond that unites her to her oppressors is not comparable to any other. The division of the sexes is a biological fact, not an event in human history. Male and female stand opposed within a primordial Mitsein, and woman has not broken it. The couple is a fundamental unity with its two halves riveted together, and the cleavage of society along the line of sex is impossible. Here is to be found the basic trait of woman: she is the Other in a totality of which the two components

Movies Good or Bad Free Essays

Division Classification Essay| Tabitha NewberryFridays 8:30-11:30| Is the theaters Movies worse or better than Home movies? | | While I do not generally care for television, I do enjoy movies. Movies, however, present both a financial and a time commitment. When my family and I go to a movie, we spend roughly $20 for admission and an additional $20 for popcorn, sodas, and other snacks. We will write a custom essay sample on Movies Good or Bad or any similar topic only for you Order Now At this cost, a night at the movies will often function as the evening meal as well. Occasionally my mom and I or my sister and I will go see something I especially want to see and leave my son with a sitter. Still the financial obligation is significant. Movies generally last somewhere between an hour and a half to two hours, plus time to dress, drive, park the car, buy tickets, get snacks, find a seat, and watch previews. Thus, there isn’t always room in a busy schedule–or a tight budget– to go to movies. In other words, I can’t see them all at the theater. For these reasons, I’ve devised a ranking of movies to include those that I can watch at home. The films belong in these categories: 1) Films I will pay to watch in a theater; 2) Films I will rent; and 3) Films I will watch on television. I will pay to see three different types of movies: family pictures, Funny, and what can I say I’m a hopeless Romantic. Sometimes these all overlap, making me truly happy but usually not. With a young son the pressures to see every child’s, or family, film is tremendous. He does not sit still long enough to even watch a 30 minute television show. At daycare, they hear all about â€Å"Brother Bear† and â€Å"Dore the Explore,† or â€Å"Go Diego Go. † The actual quality of these films is meaningless to children. Deny them the opportunity and they feel cheated. Take them to a bad film, and they become instant film critics. My son has a little bit before he gets to that point, but you get my drift. Yet I still try taking him, I do. As a family, we all including my son like the funny movies. It is a given that we will see every new â€Å"Romantic Comedy† or â€Å"Kids Movie † film that makes its way to theaters within the opening week. Some other adaptations or other very film-not-movie type films warrant their own special experience for me, I suppose, due to my Romantic interest. Not terribly long ago I dragged my Sister to see a film entitled â€Å"The Vow† This film deals with a real love story of faith, the tale of a love that refuses to be forgotten, and is ased on the actual relationship of Kim and Krickitt Carpenter, who wrote a book about their marriage, also known as The Vow. Most movies that I will rent but not pay theater prices to view are the free kids movies or worse†¦BARNEY AND FRIENDS! These movies were the movies my mom used to say were a treat for us kids if we were good. â€Å"Free and funny† she called it. The previews sell them quite well but not well enough to put them on the must-see list. So they end up in my home during one of those hey-want-to-rent-a-movie times. Unfortunately, finding time to watch a rented video or DVD is not an easy feat at my house. My son likes to fight his sleep and then homework and dishes and extra cleaning on the weekends when company comes over. The weekends are about the only times my son and I feel like staying up late to watch a movie. (Probably the only time he stays up late EVER), and not surprising we fall asleep just minutes into our rented films. Sometimes these films go unwatched back to the movie store. About once every couple of months when there’s nothing I want to see on the Lifetime Channel, ill flip through the channels and find a movie. I don’t pay for any of the special movie channels because I would never see a return on my investment. But I first saw â€Å"The day after tomorrow,† â€Å"The Alamo,† â€Å"The Shawshank Redemption,† and numerous others this way. Of course, they were four or five years old when I finally saw them. One plus to; waiting this long to see them is that I won’t be influenced by the viewpoints of others when I formulate my critical analyses. Regardless of the genre and regardless of my personal classification, I find most films to be a bit of a let-down, especially if someone has raved to me about how wonderful a particular film is. I always seem to think the â€Å"industry† could do better. For this reason, many of them make it to the watch it on television group. On the other hand, those that do make it to the theater group are often suitable enough to make it to the purchase for home group, but that’s really another class altogether. So with all that said and done; I think I would rather just chill at home with my son and wait 4-5 years to watch a movie on television, than spend almost 40 bucks on a movie I will probably only watch once at the theater. And save me a lot of time and effort as well. How to cite Movies Good or Bad, Papers

Financial Statement Analysis Medical Devices

Question: Give the Brief Assessment of Financial Statement Analysis for Medical Devices. Answer: Income Statement for the year ended 31 December 2013 Particulars Note 2013 ($) Revenue Sales 230,00,000 Other Income 2,00,000 Total Revenue (a) 232,00,000 Expenses - Cost of Goods Used 81,00,000 - Salaries 37,00,000 - License Fee 27,50,000 - Insurance 20,00,000 - Advertisement 20,00,000 - Depreciation 36,00,000 - Preliminary Expenses 2,875 Total Expenses (b) 221,52,875 Earnings Before Interest and Income Tax Expense (a-b) 10,47,125 Finance Cost 3,00,000 Profit Before Income Tax 7,47,125 Income Tax Expense - Profit from operations 7,47,125 Calculation of Cost of Goods Sold Total Inventories Purchased 60,00,000 Total Consumables Purchased 30,00,000 Less: Inventories not yet used 9,00,000 81,00,000 Balance Sheet as at 31 December 2013 Particulars Note 2013 ($) Assets Current Assets Cash and Cash Equivalents 195,97,125 Receivables 96,00,000 Inventories 9,00,000 Prepaid Expenses 2,50,000 Total Current Assets 303,50,000 Non-Current Assets Property, plant and equipment 120,00,000 Trademark 90,00,000 Capital WIP 20,00,000 Total Non-Current Assets 230,00,000 Total Assets 533,50,000 Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts Payables 30,00,000 Total Current Liabilities 30,00,000 Non-Current Liabilities Interest bearing loans and borrowings 60,00,000 Total Non-current liabilities 60,00,000 Total Liabilities 90,00,000 Net Assets 443,50,000 Share Holders Fund Share Capital (200,00,000 shares of $2 each) 400,00,000 Profit and Loss Account 7,47,125 Revaluation Reserve 36,00,000 Total Fund 443,50,000 Cash Flow Statement for the year ended 31st December 2013 Amount Cash Flow from operating activities Net Profit Before Tax and Extra ordinary items 7,47,125 Adjustments for : Depreciation 36,00,000 Interest Debited 3,00,000 Interest Credited (2,00,000) Operating Profit Before changes in working capital 44,47,125 Adjustments for : Debtors (96,00,000) Creditors 30,00,000 Inventories (9,00,000) Prepaid Expenses (2,50,000) Net Cash from Operating Activities (a) (33,02,875) Cash flow from Investing Activities Purchase of Machine (150,00,000) Investment in Capital WIP (20,00,000) Interest income earned 2,00,000 Net Cash from Investing Activities (b) (168,00,000) Cash Flow from Financing Activities Cash from Issue of Share Capital 340,00,000 Cash from Loan taken 60,00,000 Interest expenses (3,00,000) Net Cash from Financing Activities ( c) 397,00,000 Cash Balance at the end of the year (a+b+c) 195,97,125 Notes: The effect of the agreement with the organiser of International Fair for Medical Devices 2014 has not been considered in the books as there is no liability attached to the given contract. The revaluation in trademark value has been considered net of depreciation for the current year. The depreciation on the upward valuation has been set off from the revaluation account as per the accounting norms. Depreciation has been charged on machine on straight line basis.

Short-Run Production and Long-Run Production free essay sample

According to Sloman, (2004), production is the transformation of inputs into outputs by firms in order to earn profit. Production can be divided into two types, that is short-run production and long-run production. Production in the short-run is the production period of time over which at least one factor is fixed as production in the long-run is the production period of time long enough for all factors to be varied. As mentioned by Sloman, (2004), production in the short-run is subject to diminishing returns. The law of diminishing (marginal) return applies whereby there will be a point when each extra unit of the variable factor will produce less extra output than the previous unit when the increasing amount of a variable factor are used with a given amount of a fixed factor. For example, a fixed factor would be the factory as the variable factor would be labour. As the factory is a fixed factor, the output of the factory will only be increased if the number of employers employed is increased and as more and more workers are hired, the factory would become more crowded making it uncomfortable for the workers to produce at an optimal rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Short-Run Production and Long-Run Production or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, after a certain amount of workers hired, the production rate would then start to diminish. The opportunity cost is the cost of any activity measured in the expense of the firm. To apply the principle of opportunity cost to the firm, the factors of production it is using must be discovered and the sacrifice involved must be measured. Factors of the firm’s production can be divided into to categories. Explicit cost, which costs are not owned by the firm. (Sloman, 2004) Explicit costs are the payments made to the factors of production to outside suppliers of inputs, namely rental for land, salary and wages for labour, bills and interests of capital. Implicit cost, which factors are already owned by the firm (Sloman, 2004). Implicit costs are cost which does not require payment inform of money to any third party but payment as the form of sacrifice of come other alternatives. Such examples of implicit cost of the firm are the opportunity lost by the firm when it decides to use the building it owns rather than to let it out to receive rental or the opportunity lost by the firm’s owner when he decides to start a company than to work under someone else with a stable income. In the short run production, there are 3 aspects of costs to be considered. (DBM CD) 1. Total Costs (TC) = Total fixed cost (TFC) + Total variable cost (TVC), which are the total cost of production as more units are being produced 2. Average Cost (AC) = TC/Quantity (Q), which are the costs which decreases as output increases; and rises again at a certain point 3. Marginal Cot (MC) = TCÂ ¬1-TC0/Q1-Q0, which changes as the output differs, initially decreasing than rising again. Graph1 Graph 2 As seen on Graph 1, the total fixed cost line is parallel to the quantity at a certain value of cost as the total variable cost line start from the value 0 of both quantity and total cost. Thus, total costs are the sum of the total fixed cost and the total variable cost. Even if the is no output, there would be a fixed cost, so the total cost of the firm at 0 output would only be the total fixed cost. As on graph 2, the AFC continuously falls as output rises. Applying the law of diminishing returns, both the MC and the ATC curve shows that the costs of production falls as quantity increases and rises up again at a certain point. This happens when the workforce necessary to produce a higher output is more compared to an optimal output by current workforce causing a hike in the MC and ATC. As mentioned above, production in the long run is the period of time that is enough to change the quantity of all fixed inputs, whereby all factors in of production are variable. Costs per unit Economies of ScaleConstant return to scaleDiseconomies of scale Qty of Output Graph extracted from DBM CD, page 43 In the section of economies of scale from the graph, it shows that the cost per unit for each output decreases as the quantity of output increases, otherwise, cost of production per unit is getting cheaper as the scale of production increases, thus the firm would be producing at a lower average cost (Sloman, 2004). Due to certain reasons, the firm is likely to experience economics of scale. Such reasons are, labour specialization. When a firm hires more workers, a firm can divide jobs according to the employees’ specialization; therefore, production would become more efficient as employees are more efficient in their particular job. Besides that, the grater efficiency of larger machines, by-products and multi-stage production could allow firms to experience economics of scale. Firms may also experience economics of scale due to financial economies as large firms may be able to obtain finance at lower interest rates than smaller firms. In the section of diseconomies of scale, it shows that the cost per unit of each output starts to increase gradually at Q2. At this point, the firm becomes harder to manage as the firm becomes larger and the line of communication becomes longer (DBM CD, viewed 3rd July 3, 2007). Besides that, according to Sloman, (2004), workers may feel ‘alienated’ if their jobs are repetitive and boring and when they feel that they are a small part of the organization causing a poor motivation towards their work. All and all, these problems cause the firm’s average cost to increase. As a conclusion, production in the short-run is the production period of time over which at least one factor is fixed as production in the long-run is the production period of time long enough for all factors to be varied. Short-Run Production and Long-Run Production free essay sample According to Sloman, (2004), production is the transformation of inputs into outputs by firms in order to earn profit. Production can be divided into two types, that is short-run production and long-run production. Production in the short-run is the production period of time over which at least one factor is fixed as production in the long-run is the production period of time long enough for all factors to be varied. As mentioned by Sloman, (2004), production in the short-run is subject to diminishing returns. The law of diminishing (marginal) return applies whereby there will be a point when each extra unit of the variable factor will produce less extra output than the previous unit when the increasing amount of a variable factor are used with a given amount of a fixed factor. For example, a fixed factor would be the factory as the variable factor would be labour. As the factory is a fixed factor, the output of the factory will only be increased if the number of employers employed is increased and as more and more workers are hired, the factory would become more crowded making it uncomfortable for the workers to produce at an optimal rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Short-Run Production and Long-Run Production or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, after a certain amount of workers hired, the production rate would then start to diminish. The opportunity cost is the cost of any activity measured in the expense of the firm. To apply the principle of opportunity cost to the firm, the factors of production it is using must be discovered and the sacrifice involved must be measured. Factors of the firm’s production can be divided into to categories. Explicit cost, which costs are not owned by the firm. (Sloman, 2004) Explicit costs are the payments made to the factors of production to outside suppliers of inputs, namely rental for land, salary and wages for labour, bills and interests of capital. Implicit cost, which factors are already owned by the firm (Sloman, 2004). Implicit costs are cost which does not require payment inform of money to any third party but payment as the form of sacrifice of come other alternatives. Such examples of implicit cost of the firm are the opportunity lost by the firm when it decides to use the building it owns rather than to let it out to receive rental or the opportunity lost by the firm’s owner when he decides to start a company than to work under someone else with a stable income. In the short run production, there are 3 aspects of costs to be considered. (DBM CD) 1. Total Costs (TC) = Total fixed cost (TFC) + Total variable cost (TVC), which are the total cost of production as more units are being produced 2. Average Cost (AC) = TC/Quantity (Q), which are the costs which decreases as output increases; and rises again at a certain point 3. Marginal Cot (MC) = TCÂ ¬1-TC0/Q1-Q0, which changes as the output differs, initially decreasing than rising again. Graph1 Graph 2 As seen on Graph 1, the total fixed cost line is parallel to the quantity at a certain value of cost as the total variable cost line start from the value 0 of both quantity and total cost. Thus, total costs are the sum of the total fixed cost and the total variable cost. Even if the is no output, there would be a fixed cost, so the total cost of the firm at 0 output would only be the total fixed cost. As on graph 2, the AFC continuously falls as output rises. Applying the law of diminishing returns, both the MC and the ATC curve shows that the costs of production falls as quantity increases and rises up again at a certain point. This happens when the workforce necessary to produce a higher output is more compared to an optimal output by current workforce causing a hike in the MC and ATC. As mentioned above, production in the long run is the period of time that is enough to change the quantity of all fixed inputs, whereby all factors in of production are variable. Costs per unit Economies of ScaleConstant return to scaleDiseconomies of scale Qty of Output Graph extracted from DBM CD, page 43 In the section of economies of scale from the graph, it shows that the cost per unit for each output decreases as the quantity of output increases, otherwise, cost of production per unit is getting cheaper as the scale of production increases, thus the firm would be producing at a lower average cost (Sloman, 2004). Due to certain reasons, the firm is likely to experience economics of scale. Such reasons are, labour specialization. When a firm hires more workers, a firm can divide jobs according to the employees’ specialization; therefore, production would become more efficient as employees are more efficient in their particular job. Besides that, the grater efficiency of larger machines, by-products and multi-stage production could allow firms to experience economics of scale. Firms may also experience economics of scale due to financial economies as large firms may be able to obtain finance at lower interest rates than smaller firms. In the section of diseconomies of scale, it shows that the cost per unit of each output starts to increase gradually at Q2. At this point, the firm becomes harder to manage as the firm becomes larger and the line of communication becomes longer (DBM CD, viewed 3rd July 3, 2007). Besides that, according to Sloman, (2004), workers may feel ‘alienated’ if their jobs are repetitive and boring and when they feel that they are a small part of the organization causing a poor motivation towards their work. All and all, these problems cause the firm’s average cost to increase. As a conclusion, production in the short-run is the production period of time over which at least one factor is fixed as production in the long-run is the production period of time long enough for all factors to be varied.

Give a comparative, cross-national account of social policy in the field of gender equality and family policies. The WritePass Journal

Give a comparative, cross-national account of social policy in the field of gender equality and family policies. Introduction Give a comparative, cross-national account of social policy in the field of gender equality and family policies. : 1). Feminists’ believe that individuals cannot achieve complete freedom so long as inequality continues to persist and that humanity is therefore unattainable. Regardless of this, the gender inequality that exists within family structures is still being recognised as a global issue and is prevalent both in Germany and France. This is partly due to the cultural practices of these societies as cultural relativism is still being used to condone such inequality (Craven, 2005: 3). In addition, as put by Fraser; existing welfare states are premised on assumptions about gender that increasingly out of phase with many peoples lives and self-understandings (1994: 591). It seems as though inadequate social protection is being provided to women in both countries, although France’s social policy regime does appear more favourable to women than Germany’s. This is evidenced by the fact that Germany holds a strong preference for the typical nuclear family ideal and continues to view males as breadwinners and females as homemakers. It is a common belief throughout Germany that women should not work and that they should instead be stay at home mums. This was identified by Peters when he pointed out that; â€Å"Men’s stereotypical role in Germany is one of the income – earning breadwinner, who leaves the house for work in the morning and comes back in the evening† (2001: 93). Because of the stereotypical role that is still being employed in Germany, women end up performing two roles. This is because contemporary women no longer stay at home to look after children and instead choose to become income earners. Furthermore, th e pay gap between men and women in Germany continues to widen and has been criticised for being much wider than other EU states, including France. The European Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding presented the results from the Eurobarometer on Gender Equality in 2010 and concluded that Germany’s figures were getting much worse: â€Å"In 2007, the gap was 23 percent; in 2006, 22.7 percent† (European Commission, 2012: 1). In a study conducted by Davis and Robinson, however, it was evidenced that much of the gender bias stems from family policies and the ideals that have been created by society. Hence, it was demonstrated that well-educated males are less supportive of reducing gender inequality: â€Å"women with employed husbands are less supportive of efforts to reduce gender inequality than women without a male wage earner† (1991: 72). This prevents women from advancing within society and demonstrates how men are capable of stifling the attainment of gender equa lity in Germany. In contrast to the male dominated ideologies that exist Germany, social policies in France do actually appear to be more akin to contemporary society. This has been illustrated by Rodgers who noted that; â€Å"France has a more conscious, clearly defined concept of family policy, which finds expression in statutory and voluntary institutions whose primary or even sole purpose is to promote the welfare of the family† (2009: 113). Both parents of the nuclear family are also entitled to various statutory benefits as of right, which signifies how gender equality is better attained in France than it is in Germany (Rogers, 2009: 113). France has a significant amount of support for women and has had an extensive policy in favour of families for a very long time. A wide range of childcare services are provided in France as well as an allowance system that is deemed extremely generous (European Union, 2014: 1). Such support is intended to encourage and assist parents in finding a work life balance and is clearly working given that France has higher fertility and employments rates of women with children compared to the rest of the EU’s member states (European Commission, 2014: 1). It has been said that the high fertility rates in France largely result from the consistent family policy in France as well as the good employment prospects provided to women (Del Boca, 2008: 2). One of the key characteristics of France’s family policy is the monetary benefits, also known as family allowance. The monetary benefits that are provided to families under this system include child benefit, flat-rate allowance, family income supplement, family support allowance, birth/adoption grant, basic allowance, supplement for free choice of working time and free choice of childcare, education allowance, back-to-school allowance, daily parental attendance allowance, family housing allowance and moving allowance (Cleiss, 2013: 1). In view of the support women are provided with in France, it seems as though Germany’s social policies on gender equality should be strengthened. This is especially so in the labour market where this appears to be amongst the worst of all EU member states. Therefore, not only do women in Germany receive significantly lower pay packets to men but they also receive a lack of support from the government (Curra, 2000). There a widespread misconception in Germany that if family friendly policies are implemented to assist working women, this will lead to them having fewer children, which will decrease the population overall (Giddins and Griffiths, 2006). However, it has been evidenced that â€Å"countries with policies that facilitate female employment are those with the highest fertility rates† (OECD, 2008: 15). This resultantly increases the future supply of workers, which inevitably leads to sustained growth (OECD, 2007: 7). Furthermore, the practices being employed in Fra nce appear to discredit the view that the population will be decreased if further support is provided to women, as this has not happened here and the fertility rates in Germany are low as a result of the lack of support for working mothers. This is due to the fact that women in Germany are more likely to postpone childbearing in order to enter the workforce, which stifles economic growth in the long term (Hering, 2007). Women are thus said to be â€Å"facing difficulties to reconcile family, domestic workload and paid work† (WILPF International, 2013: 1). It has been said that the German government is working on this issue at present and has made great attempts to reinforce child daily care (Fraser, 1994), yet it is arguable whether this is proving effective given the cultural relativism that Germany is submersed with. The generosity of France is illustrative of the support that is given to contemporary families and demonstrates how France’s social family policies are workable in attaining gender equality. Not all agree with this, however, and it has instead been argued that; â€Å"although French women receive paid, four-month maternity leaves; tax breaks for having more children; and other family-friendly government subsidies, their country lags behind many other nations in gender equality† (MNT, 2010: 1). This, it has been said, is largely because of outmoded attitudes about the role of women in society (Girling, 2002: 126). Women continue to earn less than men; they are still being viewed as homemakers and also hold few positions of power European Commission, 2013: 10). This is also the case for those women that remain childless (Milj and Okin, 1988), which suggests that although France provides better support to women, gender inequality still persists. Accordingly, women continue to be treated differently to men regardless of what policies are put into practice. It is questionable whether gender equality can ever be fully attained giv en the attempts that have been made to do so over the years. EU law has made significant attempts to ensure men and women receive equal pay for equal work, though it has been difficult for this to be accomplished. Article 141 of the Treaty of Amsterdam (which amended Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome), obliges member states to ensure that men and women always receive equal pay for equal work, yet it is often difficult to demonstrate that this is not being achieved. This is because the burden of proof is on the applicant to show that, on the balance of probabilities, their comparator is doing work of equal value to theirs or like work, which is considerably difficult (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2010, p. 1). It is therefore clear from these findings that whilst France does provide greater support to women than Germany does, gender inequalities still exist. France’s social policies thereby need to be rectified so that better equality is being attained. The first step would be to close the gender pay gap, yet it remains to be seen whether this would achieve complete equality as the traditional family model will remain prevalent. Functionalism and path dependency to gender equality and family policies Functionalist’s are of the view that an individuals’ mental state is determined by the role in which they have been provided with in society. Functionalist’s therefore view gender inequality as being a product of traditional societal ideologies (Saggers et al, 2009). This is reflected by the inequality that currently exists within Germany and France. Hence, the traditional nuclear family is still being given due consideration despite the fact that modern family structures are widely diverse. Because individuals have always been taught what the traditional roles of men and women are, individuals tend to conform to such requirements. This is still happening today, whether consciously or not, and is one of the main reasons why gender equality is difficult to attain. Consequently, whilst women are provided with better support in France than they are in Germany, many of the underlying inequalities women are subjected to remain. This is because societal attitudes towar ds men and women have remained the same, regardless as to what social policies have been implemented, as is also the case in Germany. Hence, it is apparent that whilst gender roles in both societies have changed substantially, traditional arrangement remains in force (Giddens and Griffiths, 2006: 467). Social policy in France has advanced significantly over the years and is very supportive of women, yet gender inequality is still prevalent because of the traditional arrangement that remains in force. This is also the case in Germany despite the fact that less support is provided to women as some attempts to close the pay gap have been made, yet it seems impossible for gender equality to be obtained. Path dependency theoretically explains how past decisions influence future ones, regardless as to whether the circumstances are still relevant. It is therefore clear from this theory that history is an important part of the future and shapes the way individuals behave. This theory is reflective of the gender equality and family policy approach that is being adopted in Germany and France. This is because historical viewpoints are being maintained regardless of the fact that the nuclear family is no longer considered the ‘norm’ in contemporary society. As identified by Skocpol; â€Å"the development trends of social modernization may face legacies of path dependent cultural and institutional organisation† (1992: 8). This affects the advancement of gender equality and restricts the ability to improve the lives of women. Because the emergence of social policy is determined by past influences, the typical family ideal is likely to remain instilled in society. This prev ents the modernisation of social policy, which explains why the traditional family model continues to subsist within social and family policy. Furthermore, as noted by Alexander and Welzel; â€Å"path dependent processes with respect to women’s suffrage policy may affect the potential to increase gender equality in particular societies† (2014: 9). This is why women continue to be paid lower than men in Germany and France regardless of the current changes that are being made to achieve equality. This occurs because of the historical gender inequality practices that were being employed because as was pointed out; â€Å"because of the path dependence of the unfolding human life, gender inequality in the early eighties might equally affect today’s opportunities, choices and aspiration levels† (Bjornskov et al; 2007: 2). Past discrimination thereby affects the way women are viewed in society today and will continue to have an impact in the future. Gender equality is still one of the main fundamental principles the EU continually strives for (Article 14 of the European Union’s Convention on Human Rights), yet despite the various policies that have been adopted women are still being treated unfavourably to men. This was recognised by Radacic who argued that; â€Å"notwithstanding these pronouncements, inequality of women in the member states of the Council of Europe persists† (Radacic, 2008: 841). The EU has therefore been largely impotent in challenging gender discrimination and achieving gender equality and although women and men are becoming more equal over the years, â€Å"a principle of perfect equality† (Mill and Okin, 1988: 1) is still not being established in countries such as Germany and France. Adequate family and childcare policies that allow for gender equality therefore need to be implemented, which could be achieved by employing strategies that; encourage female labour market participation, rem ove the gender bias ideologies, provide adequate childcare, promote children’s education and well being and allow for flexible labour. It is unlikely that much of the gender bias that is currently in place will be removed, though there will certainly be some improvements. Germany should be more supportive of women and France should make further attempts to close the pay gap. Conclusion Overall, traditional ideological practices continue to be adopted in Germany and France when it comes to gender equality and family policy. Because of this, women continue to be treated differently to men. It is questionable whether this can ever be rectified given that gender inequality is viewed as a product of traditional societal ideologies. In Germany, women are given less support than they are in France whose social policies appear to be more akin to contemporary society. In spite of this, however, gender inequality is still prevalent throughout France. This is evidenced by the large gender pay gap and the fact that traditional ideologies are still prevalent across all social policy methods. This illustrates that regardless of what social policies welfare states implement, gender inequality will still persist. Improvements to social policy would still benefit the economy, nonetheless, and would develop gender equality further. In Germany, there is a pressing need for greater su pport to be provided to women as well as reducing the gender pay gap, whereas in France the main focus is on the latter. It is doubtful that complete equality would be achieved in light of the fact that the traditional family model remains intact, yet vast improvements could certainly be made. This is supported by the views of functionalists who believe that the traditional arrangement of gender roles remain intact despite the fact that these roles have significantly changed in modern societies. Furthermore, because past decisions influence future decisions, as recognised by the path dependency model, the nuclear family structure will always have a place in contemporary society. References Alexander, A. C. and Welzel, C. (2014) ‘Four Theories Tested on Four Different Aspects of Gender Equality’ Empowering Women, democracy.uci.edu/files/democracy/docs/conferences/grad/alexander.pdf [29 March 2014]. Bjornskov, C. Dreher, A. Justina, A. V. and Fischer, A. V. (2007) ‘SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance’ No 657. Brown, S. E., Esbensen, F., and Geis, G., (2010). Criminology: Explaining Crime in Context. Elsevier, 7th Edition. Cleiss. (2013) ‘Family Benefits’ The French Social Security System, [Online] Available: cleiss.fr/docs/regimes/regime_france/an_4.html [29 March 2014]. Craven, Z, Clearinghouse, ‘Human Rights and Domestic Violence’ Australian Domestic Family Violence, Available: adfvc.unsw.edu.au/PDF%20files/human_rights.pdf Curra, J., (2000). The Relativity of Crime. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage. Davis, N. J. and Robinson, V. R. (1991) ‘Men’s and Women’s Consciousness of Gender Inequality: Austria, West Germany, Great Britain and the United States’ American Sociological Review, Volume 56, No. 1. Del Boca, D. Pasqua, S. and Pronzato, C. (2008) ‘Market Work and Motherhood Decisions in Contexts’ Discussion Paper Series, IZA DP No 3303, [Online], Available: http://ftp.iza.org/dp3303.pdf [29 March 2014]. European Commission. (2012) ‘Women on Boards: Commission Proposes 40% Objective’ [Online] Available: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/newsroom/gender-equality/news/121114_en.htm [29 March 2014]. Giddens, A. and Griffiths, S. (2006) Sociology, Social Science, Polity. Girling, J. (2002) France: Political and Social Change, Routledge, Political Science. EKU Women Studies., Feminism What is it?, womensstudies.eku.edu/what/ [29 March 2014]. European Commission. (2012) ‘Statistics’ European Union, [Online], Available: http://europa.eu/epic/statistics/index_en.htm [28 March 2014]. European Commission. (2013) ‘Tackling the Gender Pay Gap in the European Union’ Justice, [Online] Available: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/gender_pay_gap/gpg_brochure_2013_final_en.pdf [29 March 2014]. European Union. (2014) France: Significant Support for Women and High Monetary Benefits, http://europa.eu/epic/countries/france/index_en.htm [Online], Available: http://europa.eu/epic/countries/france/index_en.htm [28 March 2014]. Fraser, N. (1994) After the Family Wage Political Theory, Volume 22, No. 4. George, V., and Wilding, P., (1985). Ideology and Social Welfare. Routledge, 2nd Edition. Herring, J., (2007). Family Law, Pearson Education, 3rd Edition. Kania, R. E, (1988). Conservative Ideology in Criminology and Criminal Justice. American Journal of Criminal Justice. Volume 13, Number 1. Lewis, D. (2013) ‘Welcome to the Department’ LSE Social Policy, [Online] Available: www.lse.ac.uk/socialPolicy/aboutUs/introduction.aspx [06 April 2014]. Mill, J. S. and Okin, S. M. (1988) The Subjection of Women, Hackett Publishing Co. MNT. (2010) ‘Gender Inequality Persists in France Despite Family-Focused Benefits’ [Online] Available: medicalnewstoday.com/releases/204545.php [29 March 2014]. OECD. (2007) ‘Babies and Bosses – Reconciling Work and Family Life’ A Synthesis of Findings for OECD Countries. OECD. (2008) ‘Gender and Sustainable Development’ Maximising the Economic, Social and Environmental Role of Women. Peters, D. (2001) ‘Breadwinners, Homemakers and Beasts of Burden: A Gender Perspective on Transport and Mobility’ Institute for City and Regional Planning, Sustainable Development International, 93-100. Radacic, I. (2008) ‘Critical Review of Jurisprudence: An Occasional Series: Gender Equality Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights’, European Journal of International Law, Issue 4, EJIL 2008 19 (841). Rodgers, B. N. (2009) ‘Family Policy in France’ Journal of Social Policy, Volume 4, Issue 2. Skocpol, T. (1992) Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins in Social Policy in the United States, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Saggers, S. Dodd, J. and Wildy, H. (2009) ‘Constructing the ‘ideal’ family for family-centred practice: challenges for delivery’ Disability and Society, Volume 24, Issue 2. WILPF International. (2014) ‘Racism and Gender Inequality in Germany’ Peace Freedom, [Online] Available: wilpfinternational.org/racism-and-gender-inequality-in-germany/ [29 March 2014]. Cases Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. UK (1985) Series A, No. 94 at para 78 Leyla Sahin v. Turkey [GC] Reports 2005 – at para. 115 Give a comparative, cross-national account of social policy in the field of gender equality and family policies. Abstract Give a comparative, cross-national account of social policy in the field of gender equality and family policies. : 1). During this period, certain groups of society viewed males as being the breadwinners, whilst women were considered the homemakers. Because of this conception, a lack of financial support was provided to women by the welfare state as it was believed that women could rely on the income of their husbands (Herring: 2007; p. 262). Women were far less likely to leave their husbands as a result of this, which could be one of the main reasons why there has been a huge increase in the divorce in recent years (Benson, 2013: 1). It was apparent by many that social policy changes were needed to rectify this imbalance and thus provide women with better protection against inequality (United Nations, 2013: 1). Some feminists believed that ideology was the cause of such inequality and that unless all nation states adopt effective gender equality social policies, women will continue to be treated unfavourably in society (George and Wilding: 1985; p. 122). Some feminists argue that unless equali ty within family structures is addressed, women will never be completely free regardless as to what social policies have been implemented by the welfare state (Craven, 2005: 3). This was recognised by Fraser who was of the view that the policies of existing welfare states are based on assumptions about gender that are increasingly out of phase with many peoples lives and self-understandings (1994: 591). It cannot be said that women are being provided with sufficient protection within society, yet gender inequality is still one of the most important principles that is contained in the human rights law of the European Union (EU). The EU continues to make   progress in the tackling of gender discrimination, as exemplified by Article 14 of the European Convention of Human Rights, though it cannot be said that all nation states adopt the same approach as the EU. Consequently, unless gender equality is being instilled into the frameworks of all welfare states, gender discrimination will be likely to remain. Regardless of the EUs gender equality policies, nonetheless, women continue to be treated less favourably than men and as it has been recognised by Radacic; that despite the pronouncements of gender discrimination, inequality of still persists (2008: 841). It cannot be said that EU policy has had much of an effect in establishing complete equality between the genders,   though it i s questionable whether it ever will (Mill and Okin, 1988: 1). Hence, it has been pointed out that although the EU has paved the way for more equal gender rights in areas such as marriage and employment, inequality persists when it comes to domestic violence, pay and the division of labour (Pascall, 2000: 240). It seems as though the EU has made great attempts towards the attainment of gender equality, yet these have not proven sufficient. Further changes therefore need to be made to ensure that women are not being treated unfavourably to men. Gender Equality and family policies in West Germany Social policy in Germany appears largely to reflect ideological principles, in that males are considered breadwinners, whilst females are considered homemakers. The German people are generally of the view that women should not go out to work and that they should instead stay at home to look after the childrenHence, as illustrated   by Peters; â€Å"Men’s stereotypical role in Germany is one of the income – earning breadwinner, who leaves the house for work in the morning and comes back in the evening† (2001: 93). Although this may be a common belief throughout Germany, it does not provide a true reflection of the gender roles. Women are frequently choosing to work as opposed to staying at home, yet the gender pay gap is also increasing. Germanys pay gap has thus been widely criticised for being one of the largest in the EU and the EU Commission suggest that this is getting worse (European Commission, 2012: 1). Davis and Robinson believe that much of this gender bias is caused by the policies that are being held by families and societal ideals. does seem to have some validity, and social policies still need to be reformed in Germany so that gender equality is being addressed appropriately. Arguably, if effective policies are implemented in Germany, it is likely that this will cause the policies held by families to also change (Seeleib-Kaiser, 2007: 2). This alone will not be sufficient to bring about gender equality, and attitudes will also need to change. It has been suggested by Davis and Robinson that women with employed husbands are less likely to be supported than women with unemployed husbands. This is because, husbands in employment are unlikely to be supportive of efforts to reduce gender inequality (1991: 72). This suggests that women are less likely to advance in society if they receive a lack of support from their husbands. This shows how men can impact the achievement of gender equality. The social policies that exist in Germany should therefore be amended so that gender equality can be improved. At present, women do not receive adequate support from   the government (Gelb and Palley, 2009: 368), though as noted by the OECD some are of the view that if greater support is provided to women, they will be less likely to have children which will have an overall impact upon the German population (OECD, 2008: 15). Conversel y, it was in fact found by the OECD that countries with policies that facilitate female employment are those with the highest fertility rates† (2008: 15). Instead of reducing the population, further support would in fact increase it which is considered integral to economic growth (OECD, 2007: 7). Arguably, the limited support for working   mothers in Germany has resulted in women postponing childbearing so that they can instead enter the workforce in order to financially support themselves. This has an effect upon economic growth (WILPF International, 2013: 1), though it has been said that social policy in Germany is a work in progress and that attempts to reinforce childcare is being made (Spiegel, 2012: 1). Gender Equality and family policies in France In comparison with Germany, social policy in France does actually appear to reflect the ideas of contemporary society, and is thus more favourable to women. This was identified by Rodgers when it was noted that; â€Å"France has a more conscious, clearly defined concept of family policy, which finds expression in statutory and voluntary institutions whose primary or even sole purpose is to promote the welfare of the family† (2009: 113). Statutory benefits in France are also provided, as of right, to both parents. This demonstrates how gender equality is more adequate in France than it is in Germany (Rogers, 2009: 113). This is due to the support women receive in France by the French government and the favourable family policies that exist. Significant support for childcare is also being provided by France and their allowance system is particularly generous (European Union, 2014: 1). The support that is provided to women is thus intended to allow a work-life balance to be achie ved. This approach does appear to be working given the high fertility and employments rates of women with children (European Commission, 2014: 1). Hence, it has been argued that the high fertility rates in France is due to Frances consistent family policy and the excellent employment prospects women are said to have (Del Boca, 2008: 2). Monetary benefits are a key feature of Frances family policy (Cleiss, 2013: 1). This generosity has been considered necessary in supporting women and removing gender inequality in France. Yet not all agree with this approach and it has instead been argued that whilst women in France receive a number of different benefits such as; paid, four-month maternity leaves; tax breaks for having more children; and other family-friendly government subsidies, their country lags behind many other nations in gender equality† (MNT, 2010: 1). This suggests that although a number of social policies have been established in France that intend to provide greater support to women, not all believe that gender inequality is eradicated and instead argued that outdated societal attitudes regarding women are still prevalent (Girling, 2002: 126). Nevertheless, Frances benefit system does appear to be a lot more generous than Germanys, which might be suggested leads to greater equality between the sexes. However, it seems as though complete equality is still not being attained.   There still appears to be a gender pay gap between men and women in France, and women continue to be treated differently in general (European Commission, 2013: 10). Arguably, it is clear from these findings that social policies may not actually remove the gender inequalities that persist within society and that the attitudes of individuals also need to be changed. Functionalist and path dependency to gender equality and family policies Functionalism has been described as a philosophy of mind in that a particular mental state will be dependent on the role it plays on the cognitive system in which it is a part of. In effect, functionalists view the identity of mental states as being determined by its casual relations to sensory stimulations, behaviour and other mental states (Stanford, 2004: 1). Functionalism is clearly prevalent within the approaches that are being employed in both Germany and France since functionalists view gender inequality as a product of traditional ideology within society (Isajiw, 2013: 129).   Ã‚  Ã‚   Given that gender inequality is still prevalent within both Germany and France it might be though that social policies cannot change traditional ideology. Pre-existing notions of the ideal family will be likely to remain and individuals will thus conform to the roles that have been provided to them by society. Whilst gender roles have changed substantially in contemporary societies, functiona lists believe that traditional arrangements remain in force (Giddens and Griffiths, 2006: 467). This is what appears to be happening in France because although social policy has been advanced, gender inequality still exists as a result of traditional arrangements. Furthermore, whilst social policy in Germany is not as supportive of women as it is in France, the same applies here and traditional arrangements continue to prevail. Path dependency is a term that is used to describe the idea that history matters and that we are today a product of what has happened in the past (Margolis, 1996: 1). Path dependency is also reflective of gender equality in Germany and France in that past decisions influence future decisions. This is so regardless of whether the circumstances are still relevant (Arthur, 1994: 33). Historical viewpoints are therefore being maintained despite the fact that this no longer provides a true reflection of reality and as put by Skocpol; â€Å"the development trends of social modernization may face legacies of path dependent cultural and institutional organisation† (1992: 8). Gender equality is affected by this and improvements to the lives and wellbeing of women is stifled. Alexander and Welzel argue that; â€Å"path dependent processes with respect to women’s suffrage policy may affect the potential to increase gender equality in particular societies† (2014: 9). Again, this demonstrates why women continue to be paid less than men in both Germany and France. This results from the historical gender inequality practices because as stated by Bjornskov et al; â€Å"because of the path dependence of the unfolding human life, gender inequality in the early eighties might equally affect today’s opportunities, choices and aspiration levels† (2007: 2). This will continue to affect the way women are treated in the future and it is arguable whether discrimination against women will ever be eradicated. Conclusion Overall, it has been argued that ideological beliefs will continue to influence the ways women are treated in society, and regardless of the social policies that are implemented by welfare states, gender inequality will continue to persist. This is because the traditional roles of males and females will continue to be prevalent within all aspects of life as women will continue to take on the role of a homemaker, whilst men will continue to take on the role of a breadwinner in certain groups of society. Ideology is largely responsible for these inequalities and women will continue to be treated differently to men as a result. This is evidenced in both Germany and France regardless of the fact that their social policy strategies are different and demonstrates how ideology will continue to dominate contemporary society. Thus, women in Germany are treated far less favourably than the women in France, yet both countries are similar when it comes to gender inequality. An example of this ca n be seen in relation to the gender pay gaps which are widespread amongst both nation states. Nevertheless, despite the fact that gender inequality is likely to persist regardless of what policies are implemented, it is manifest that improvements can certainly be made. Further support should be provided to women in Germany, whilst the gender pay gap should be reduced in France. This is unlikely to provide complete equality because, as recognised by the functionalist and path dependency models, the traditional arrangement of gender roles will continue influence society. References Alexander, A. C. and Welzel, C. (2014) ‘Four Theories Tested on Four Different Aspects of Gender Equality’ Empowering Women, [Online] Available: democracy.uci.edu/files/democracy/docs/conferences/grad/alexander.pdf [02 April 2014]. Benson, H. (2013) What is the Divorce Rate, The Marriage Foundation, [Online] Available: marriagefoundation.org.uk/Shared/Uploads/Products/5357_MF%20-%20What%20is%20the%20divorce%20rate%20-%20060213.pdf [02 April 2014]. Bjornskov, C. Dreher, A. Justina, A. V. and Fischer, A. V. (2007) ‘SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance’ No 657. Brown, S. E., Esbensen, F., and Geis, G., (2010). Criminology: Explaining Crime in Context. 7th Edition, London: Elsevier. Cleiss. (2013) ‘Family Benefits’ The French Social Security System, [Online] Available: cleiss.fr/docs/regimes/regime_france/an_4.html [02 April 2014]. Craven, Z, Clearinghouse, ‘Human Rights and Domestic Violence’ Australian Domestic Family Violence, [Online] Available: adfvc.unsw.edu.au/PDF%20files/human_rights.pdf [02 April 2014]. Curra, J., (2000). The Relativity of Crime. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage. Davis, N. J. and Robinson, V. R. (1991) ‘Men’s and Women’s Consciousness of Gender Inequality: Austria, West Germany, Great Britain and the United States’ American Sociological Review, Volume 56, No. 1. Del Boca, D. Pasqua, S. and Pronzato, C. (2008) ‘Market Work and Motherhood Decisions in Contexts’ Discussion Paper Series, IZA DP No 3303, [Online], Available: http://ftp.iza.org/dp3303.pdf [02 April 2014]. Eagleton, T. (1991) Ideology: An Introduction, London: Verso. European Commission. (2012) ‘Women on Boards: Commission Proposes 40% Objective’ [Online] Available: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/newsroom/gender-equality/news/121114_en.htm [02 April 2014]. Giddens, A. and Griffiths, S. (2006) Sociology, Social Science, Polity. Girling, J. (2002) France: Political and Social Change, Routledge, Political Science. European Commission. (2012) ‘Statistics’ European Union, [Online], Available: http://europa.eu/epic/statistics/index_en.htm [02 April 2014]. European Commission. (2013) ‘Tackling the Gender Pay Gap in the European Union’ Justice, [Online] Available: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/gender_pay_gap/gpg_brochure_2013_final_en.pdf [02 April 2014]. European Union. (2014) France: Significant Support for Women and High Monetary Benefits, [Online], Available: http://europa.eu/epic/countries/france/index_en.htm [03 April 2014]. Fraser, N. (1994) After the Family Wage Political Theory, Volume 22, No. 4. Foghlam Alba. (2012) Womens Rights and Suffragettes [Online] Available: educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/20thand21stcenturies/womensrights [05 April 2014]. George, V., and Wilding, P., (1985). Ideology and Social Welfare. Routledge, 2nd Edition. Herring, J., (2007). Family Law, Pearson Education, 3rd Edition. Kania, R. E, (1988). Conservative Ideology in Criminology and Criminal Justice. American Journal of Criminal Justice. Volume 13, Number 1. Margolis, S. E. (1996) Path Dependence [Online] Available: http://wwwpub.utdallas.edu/~liebowit/palgrave/palpd.html [07 April 2014]. Meer, S. (2013) Struggles for Gender Equality: Reflections on the place of men and mens organisations, Open Debate, Online] Available: osisa.org/sites/default/files/sup_files/open_debate_2_-_reflections_on_the_place_of_men_and_mens_organisations_in_the_struggle_for_gender_equality.pdf [02 April 2014]. Mill, J. S. and Okin, S. M. (1988) The Subjection of Women, Hackett Publishing Co. MNT. (2010) ‘Gender Inequality Persists in France Despite Family-Focused Benefits’ [Online] Available: medicalnewstoday.com/releases/204545.php [03 April 2014]. OECD. (2007) ‘Babies and Bosses – Reconciling Work and Family Life’ A Synthesis of Findings for OECD Countries. OECD. (2008) ‘Gender and Sustainable Development’ Maximising the Economic, Social and Environmental Role of Women. Pascall, G. (2000) Gender and Social Policy: Comparing Welfare States in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Societ Union Journal of European Social Policy, Volume 10, Number 3. Peters, D. (2001) ‘Breadwinners, Homemakers and Beasts of Burden: A Gender Perspective on Transport and Mobility’ Institute for City and Regional Planning, Sustainable Development International, 93-100. Radacic, I. (2008) ‘Critical Review of Jurisprudence: An Occasional Series: Gender Equality Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights’, European Journal of International Law, Issue 4, EJIL 2008 19 (841). Rodgers, B. N. (2009) ‘Family Policy in France’ Journal of Social Policy, Volume 4, Issue 2. Saggers, S. Dodd, J. and Wildy, H. (2009) ‘Constructing the ‘ideal’ family for family-centred practice: challenges for delivery’ Disability and Society, Volume 24, Issue 2. Seeleib, M. K. (2007) Innovative ways of coping with old and new challenges: Enterprises as actors of family policy, Family Policies in Britain and Germany, [Online] Available: socialpolicy.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/10108/Family_Policy_in_Britain_and_Germany_Midpoint_Conference171107.pdf [02 April 2014]. Skocpol, T. (1992) Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins in Social Policy in the United States, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stanford. (2004) Functionalism [Online] Available: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/functionalism/ [07 April 2014]. Sudha, D. K. (2000) Gender Roles, New Delhi: APH Publishing. WILPF International. (2014) ‘Racism and Gender Inequality in Germany’ Peace Freedom, [Online] Available: wilpfinternational.org/racism-and-gender-inequality-in-germany/ [02 April 2014].

The Culture of Zulu Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Culture of Zulu - Research Paper Example Zulus placed a lot of importance on their ancestors and their spirits. These ancestors were supposed by them to be living in Unkulunkulu which was considered as the world of the spirits. The ancestors were the link between the living and the spirits. For this reasons they needed to be remembered by the family members, praised regularly and also appeased by making offerings to them. In case a family failed to do so, the spirits are said to have visited them in the form of troubles. These troubles can be solved only if the mistake of the family is rectified and the spirits of the ancestors are pacified by some offerings and by showering of praises on them. The Sangoma was the spiritual healer and the priest of the Zulus. In the case of a mishap such as failure of crops, the death of livestock, drought or any other natural calamity the Sangoma was the one who declared the reasons for the calamity. The calamity could have been caused by the unhappy spirits or by witchcraft. If it was the former, the family was supposed to appease the ancestors but if it was the latter a witch-hunt and the elimination of the witch responsible was carried out. Another important religious person among the Zulus is the Inyanga. The Inyanga can be said to be the doctor of the Zulu tribe. He mostly used local plants and animals in order to find a cure of the common diseases like cuts, bruises. The cure was usually followed by religious rituals in which the spirits were praised and pacified and asked to restore the health of the person who is sick.

Biases and Judgments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biases and Judgments - Essay Example The decision entailed reflection aimed at enhancing the progress of the organization and improve performance. These decisions also promote efficiency in the staff and management. This decision could act as the basis of action since the policies could be implemented (Salaman, 2001). Emotions can influence the decisions that the management of an enterprise makes. Emotions can affect rational decision making; those who follow emotions make irrational decisions. As such, businesses should not come up with decisions based on emotionality as the decisions, may have a negative impact. Fairness should prevail while making decisions; all departments within an organization should be treated equally (Yates, 2003). According to Salaman (2001), reflective decision making includes examination, contemplation, critical meditation and analytical thoughts when making decisions. Therefore, reflective decision makers ensure that managers critically analyze the decisions they make. Reflection means that the decisions have to be given a deep thought before implementation; implementers take their time before coming up with the decision. On the other hand, expedient decision making entails solving problems that require immediate solutions. Expedient decisions mainly stem from the need for them; business organizations mainly make them when need to do so arise. For example, an organization may decide to lay off employees instantly. Yates (2003) asserts that biases may arise when making decisions; they include dependency on one form of information where decisions makers tend to over rely on one course of action. Other biases may include overconfidence on the decisions made and selective gathering of informat ion. Thus, in conclusion, the essay has discussed business decision making. It has addressed the role of decision making, which enhances progress in a business. Emotions and biases have a negative impact on the decisions made; they may lead to poor

Sundiata Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sundiata - Essay Example Therefore, the study of myths and their interrelationship with the real-life is of the paramount importance for the deeper understanding of the very nature of any human society. As a perfect example for this purpose we may investigate the book written by D. T. Niane "Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali", which is one of the most well-known traditional narratives of West Africa that provides an account of Sundiata Keita, a historical heroic figure renowned as the founder of the Mali Empire. This book contains important insights into the mythical component of the human perception of history, and exposes the intimate connection that the present always has with the past. Let us take a closer look at this narrative and examine the function of memory as the bridge connecting heroes of the book with the world they live in. Among the numerous personages of the epic, the story of the relationship between the great king of Mali Sundiata and his griot Balla Fasseke takes perhaps the central place in terms of its importance for the whole narrative. Griots can be seen as professional storytellers and public speakers, but the significance of their social role was much deeper in the African societies than it could seem from this superficial description. On the most fundamental level, a griot was perceived as the vessel of historical memory of a social group. Every king had a griot beside him whose task was to instruct his patron in such a way as to procure the inheritance of traditions of ancestors. Therefore, griots role was naturally wide-ranging, as they were speaking for their kings, were tutoring their children, and in this way aimed to ". . . bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations" (Niane, 1995, p.1). By the way, to prove that griots could rely on orally transmitted tradit ions we may for instance consider such a stable phenomenon as proverbs, which are referred to in the narrative in the following way: "Mens wisdom is contained in proverbs, and when children wield proverbs it is a sign that they have profited from adult company" (Niane, 1995, p.29). In the full accordance with the elevated status of griots, Balla Fasseke becomes a close tutor of the prospective king Sundiata yet from his early childhood. Balla educates and instructs Sundiata on the rules of behavior, so that ". . . between his mother and the griot, the child got to know all that needed to be known" (Niane, 1995, p.23). Thus, from the very beginning of the story of Sundiata the role of his guardian angel is assigned to Balla. In his turn, Balla was very devoted to his patron, which can be seen from his faithfulness to Sundiata even during his exile at the court of a powerful sorcerer king Soumaoro. But for Sundiata the absence of the griot does not simply mean the loss of a counselor, but in essence signifies the disconnection of Sundiata from the memory of his ancestors. Such a deprivation of him of the link with the mythical ancestors is the sufficient reason even for war, and in the narrative one of the first signs of the imminent war between Sundiata and Soum aoro is symbolized by the proclamation of Balla Fasseke by Soumaoro as of his new griot. At the same time, the respect that Soumaoro had for Balla proves that the memory of the past is indispensable for all, including such a seemingly powerful personage as the sorcerer

Importance Of FDI In Developing Malaysian Economic Growth

Importance Of FDI In Developing Malaysian Economic Growth The federation of Malaysia was formed in 1963, initially consisting of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak. Due to internal political reasons, Singapore was asked to leave the federation in 1965 to become an independent state. Malaysia is separated into two regions namely the West and East Malaysia by the South China Sea. Malaysia is blessed with an abundance of natural resources such as gas, coal, petroleum and the humid tropical climate creates a great condition for plant growth such as palm oil and rubber. These raw materials are what contribute to the economy. Before the 1970s, Malaysia was previously a raw material producing economy that produced rubber, tin, etc that exported to the industrialised countries. Much later, petroleum and palm oil were also one of the raw materials being exported. However, since the 1970s a change has been noted in the development of the economy of being a more export-oriented manufacturing industry that produced textile, rubber products, electric and electronic goods etc. The government realised to increase GDP growth, the country had to shift from an export-oriented raw material producing economy into an export-oriented manufacturing economy. Not only will employment rise, but it will also benefit GDP growth and economic welfare. Importance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) FDI is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country. In other words, it is the establishment of a company by a foreign investor. To invest in Malaysia, it is required that 10% of the total equity in a resident company be held by the foreign investor. Generally there are two types of FDIs; outward-bound FDI and inward-bound FDI. An outward-bound FDI is when local capital is invested in foreign resources while an inward-bound FDI, the opposite of an outward-bound FDI is when foreign capital is invested in local resources. FDI is an important and effective way to stir up the economy as it is a major catalyst to development. This is because with the setting up of companies and factories, employment will rise. With foreign money being pumped into the economy to pay of wages and salaries to the employees, a multiplier effect will create an injection of several times that will cause a huge influx of foreign money. As more foreign money is being pumped into the local economy (assuming there are no outflows of money) GDP growth will soar that goes hand in hand with vision 2020 where Malaysia will achieve a developed nation status with a constant 8% growth rate every year. This will in turn, bring confidence into the economy, further generating more FDIs. As the economy is doing well, development will naturally take place to improve the quality of life. Furthermore, the acquisition of knowledge for the transfer of technology is a tremendous advantage for the country. As companies and factories are being set up, heavy machineries and sophisticated technology are being passed on to the local employees to operate the business. In order to work the technology, the local employees will then have to go for training. Thus the passing on down of knowledge and technology to the country is an integral part for developing countries to further improve itself on a global scale. Suitable Industries and Businesses Foreign Investors from China can consider venturing into the renewable energy sector. This is because, Malaysia have an ample supply of raw material and land availability for such investments. Furthermore, a company from the Hong Kong called Sun Bear Solar Ltd. has made the first move to venture into the renewable energy industry in Malaysia. This is a stepping stone for future FDI from China into this sector. Foreign investors from India can consider venturing into the IT industry of Malaysia. This is because Malaysia is fully equipped with high speed internet due to Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) and thus this can facilitate with the FDI when they invest and set up companies in Malaysia. Foreign investors from the Middle East can consider venturing into the oil and gas industry. The Middle East is rich with an abundance of oil and gas and so is Malaysia. Investors from there have a high expertise in the field and thus, are suitable in venturing into this sector. It is highly recommended that the Middle East investors invest into the oil and gas industry to further enlarge the scale of production and thus earning billions to stimulate the economy. Strengths The political status in Malaysia isnt a huge concern to foreign investors as it is considered stable compared to neighbouring countries like Thailand. In Thailand, where street protests have escalated in recent years have kept foreign investors pending on their investment into the country due to national security. The political instability and unrest has caused a huge deterrence for the countrys FDI and thus, alternatives have been considered. Malaysia, south of Thailand is an option for the disturbed political atmosphere. With a stable political status in Malaysia, foreign investors can and will benefit from their investments into Malaysia. A strategic location between the East and the West, Malaysia is in the epicentre of the ASEAN countries. Investors from the Middle East, India and China will find that Malaysia is the gateway to the ASEAN market that is some 558.2 million people. Malaysia boasting a population of only 28 million will be the focal point of foreign investors as they can easily distribute their products to the neighbouring countries. Natural resources in Malaysia are in abundance. Natural gas, oil, petroleum and coal have been found along the coastal waters of the country. As such, Malaysia has kept a competitive edge to neighbouring countries as the price of fuel is remarkably lower than other ASEAN countries. This is an effective cost minimiser. Furthermore, raw materials such as rubber and palm oil are also found in abundance in the country. For those foreign investors who are planning to invest in these sectors will benefit as they will save on transportation cost as they can produce the industrialised goods in Malaysia rather than importing raw materials to their countries to produce the respective goods. Malaysia is a multicultural country where three main races namely the Malays, the Chinese and the Indians live harmoniously together. This has proven to be an advantage to foreign investors from China and India as they will have no problem communicating with the local employees as they can speak in the same language or dialect. This is definitely a strength compared to other ASEAN countries such as Thailand whose locals speak mostly Thai and the Indonesians, Bahasa Indonesia. Although instructions can be conferred through a medium, it is at the foreign investors best interest that they communicate directly with their employees. The labour market in Malaysia is fairly educated with a literacy rate of 87.4% (estimated by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, July 2002). With a higher literacy rate compared to other ASEAN countries such as Laos 76%, gives Malaysia the advantage of attracting FDI. Foreign investors will find it easier to communicate and to train the local employees to fit the demands of the job and thus, minimising the cost of training. Technology and transportation in Malaysia is considered better than many neighbouring countries. With proper tar roads and internationally-recognised ports, imports and exports can be done easily without having to worry about the lack of infrastructure. This will ensure FDI to invest in Malaysia as they will not have to worry or invest extra security towards their transportation of their goods. Furthermore with Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), a high speed internet connection, FDI will be ensured that work in the resident country will not be restricted by communication troubles. Challenges One of the main challenges of attracting FDI to Malaysia is the Islamic image of the country. With the recent attacks on churches over the use of the word Allah by Christians in publications has deterred foreign investors from investing in Malaysia. Concerns are being raised by foreign investors as they fear a religious conflict would turn deadly.This is not a healthy thing for perceptions of Malaysia, Nicholas Jeffreys, president of the American Chambers of Commerce in Malaysia, told a business conference. As mentioned, the political status in Malaysia is considered stable compared to other ASEAN countries. However so, the recent formation of opposition party Pakatan Rakyat consisting of DAP, PAS and KEADILAN have proved to be a problem to the economy of Malaysia. During the recent general election, the opposition party garnered five states that were previously held by the main political party, Barisan Nasional. Politically shaken, both parties have been on each others throat, fighting for power. The political unrest in Malaysia has kept investors pending about investing in Malaysia as it is difficult to get both state and federal government to accommodate at the same time. In recent months, Malaysias currency has been steadily rising against the US dollar, Euro and the British Sterling. It is important to note that a strong currency is not what foreign investors want as more money will have to be forked out to buy Malaysias currency. Furthermore, a strong currency will mean labour cost will increase. This will be a setback for the economy as foreign investors will want to choose other ASEAN countries of lower currency for a lower labour cost such as Vietnam or Cambodia. A drop in GDP rate over the last few years is another reason why foreign investors are still pending with their investment into Malaysia. With a fall in growth rate, the economy will contract and thus, foreign investors will not be able to expand their business fully and this will deter foreigners from investing into Malaysia. Corporate taxation on profit has a huge impact on foreign investors wanting to invest into countries. Among ASEAN countries, Malaysia does not have the lowest corporate taxation rates and thus foreign investors may think twice about investing into Malaysia. Heavy competition from other ASEAN countries is also another deterrent for investors to invest in Malaysia. This is because, other neighbouring countries may lower corporate taxation rate in order to accommodate with the increasing FDIs. Furthermore, the other countries may design or propose better government policies to attract FDI into their respective countries. Vietnam, known as the second China has shown a remarkable performance in attracting FDI and is one of the fastest growing economies of the world, behind China. Thus, with a reputation of that, Malaysia will have to work harder to garner more support and FDI. Recommendations It is impossible to avoid the world to know about Malaysias image of being an Islamic country. However so, precautionary methods can be done to enhance the peaceful and harmonious relations in the country. Advertisement on a global scale to promote Malaysia as a symbol of racial and religion unity can improve Malaysias image. Political instability in Malaysia may not be a major issue; however, it is still a pressing matter that the federal government and the opposition are at constant loggerheads. Disagreement is bound to stir up situations hence; agreements must be made in order to ease the tension. The federal government and the opposition will have to come to an agreement to provide the best facilities and services to current and potential foreign investors. With both parties working hand in hand, foreign investors will have the confidence to want to invest in Malaysia. A strong currency deters investors from investing into Malaysia as total costs will increase. In order to remain competitive, Malaysia can and may revoke back to the pegged exchange rate against the USD where economy uncertainty can be abolished as investors will be certain that their current expenses will not increase or decrease readily. A falling GDP due to the recent economic recession is not something the government can change overnight. However, the government can encourage spending by lowering interest rates. This will cause a multiplier effect and stimulate the economy. Investors will then see a growth in GDP rate and invest in Malaysia. With public confidence, this will become a whole cycle. Heavy competition from other countries is due to attractive and lucrative deals made by the government to attract FDI. The Malaysia government can do the same by introducing attractive deals, low corporation tax, etc to attract FDI. Conclusion FDI is an important and effective way to stir up the economy as it is a major catalyst to development. There are many pros and cons to investing in Malaysia, pros being, political stability, strategic location, an abundance of natural resources and raw materials, a multicultural country, a high quality workforce, good transportation, while cons being, political instability, Islamic image, high currency, high corporate taxation and heavy competition. However so, recommendations have been made to minimize the challenges faced by foreign investors. Invest in Malaysia, and it shall invest in you.

Lack of Rule of Law in China Essay -- International Law

Aristotle once stated, â€Å"The rule of law is better than that of any individual.† The essential characteristics of rule of law are: the supremacy of law, meaning both the government and individuals are subject to the law; a concept of justice that emphasizes interpersonal adjudication, based on importance of standards and procedures; restrictions on discretionary power and exercise of legislative power by the executive; independent judiciary, judicial precedent and common law methodology; prospective, not retrospective legislation; and underlying moral basis for law. (Cooray) In China, the justice system has been based on rule â€Å"by† law, also known as â€Å"rule of men† instead of rule â€Å"of† law. In other words, law has been an instrument of the government, which holds itself above the law as opposed to law being supreme. The goal of laws here are to protect the interests of the state, not the individual, and to keep stringent social control. Ch ina’s leaders are beginning to realize that establishing the â€Å"rule of law† is critical to China’s ability to sustain its rapid economic growth. The lack of legal knowledge and transparency, the complex judiciary and legislative system and cultural barriers rooted deeply in society are just a few main reasons responsible for an inadequate rule of law in China. Due to the lack of tradition of rule of law and the Chinese Communist Party rejection of the kind of liberal democratic government associated with it faces multiple challenges in its establishment. Understanding the importance of modernizing Chinas culture has had leverage on the political and economic level have substantially increased the progress of reform towards the use of rule of law. Being the oldest continuous major world civilization... ...accountability of the Chinese police." Policing -Bradford- 20, no. 1: 113-135. British Library Document Supply Centre Inside Serials & Conference Proceedings, EBSCOhost (accessed March 25, 2012). Wong, Kam C. 2009. Chinese Policing: History and Reform. New York: Peter Lang. Wong, Kam C. 2011. "Reform to police accountability." In Police Reform in China, by Kam C. Wong, 299-363. CRC Press. Wong, Kam C. 2004. "The police legitimacy crisis and police law reform in China: Part I." International Journal Of Police Science & Management 6, no. 4: 199-218. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 25, 2012). Wong, Kam C. 2005. "The police legitimacy crisis and police law reform in China: Part II." International Journal of Police Science & Management 7, no. 1: 1-14. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 25, 2012).

Paradigm Analysis: Animal Lover (And Animal Rights) Essay

The word paradigm originates from the Greek word paradeigma, which simply means an example serving as a pattern or model. Paradigm reflects some concepts, values, or some ways of doing something commonly or habitually. It is also a way of viewing (Webster’s 1998) reality for the community. Human species is endowed with emotions that make it easier for him to express bonding with some non-human kind. This binding seems to be spontaneous or natural. Children display this act more deeply than many intellectually and emotionally mature people do. These people are called animal lovers. In the absence of human affection, animal lovers show more love for their animals or pets. Their love for animals intensifies due to some ethical paradigm they uphold or embrace in connection with their respect for natural creations like nature and environment. Alternatively, one’s love for animal obligates him to become a vegetarian. This attitude is more than rewarding as many pets or animals return a great deal of affection to them. Due to this love for animals, either domestic or wild, some political, social, or scientific movements have sprung up. Animal lovers, breaking new grounds as advocates, want to protect the natural resources of both plants and animals including their habitats. The task seems to be gigantic as it covers a wider expanse of the earth, namely, water, soil, forestry, fisheries, wilderness, to name just a few spots. The aim of nature conservation movement, however, is expressly for continued sustainability for human use. Child-like fetish This love for animal exists because of the existence of a child-like faith among animal lovers. â€Å"Animals never commit sins,† and â€Å"All animals are bound to heaven† are just a few child-like beliefs that exist among adults. Such beliefs and the likes, though seemingly simple move people towards living compassionately. Therefore, just as my 10-year old daughter puts it, â€Å"Animals are never sinners, so they are freed from sins already. † As an animal lover or human being, we only â€Å"see† the attributes of animals through the interpretation of our mind, our understanding. Animal lovers say that their companion animals have intelligence, better skills, and even have better moral than most humans have. This is so because animals express strongly the attributes of love and loyalty. There is an organization (PAL 2008) that really brings people and animals together with the hope of brightening the lives of the sick, the lonely, and some at-risk youths. Other animal attributes like unselfishness, friendship, foresight, emotions, body language are likewise exhibited by animals especially the domesticated ones. Animal lovers even believe that animals have spirit since physical matter is immobile without the benefit of the unseen spirit. Human-animal interaction Undeniably, a special pattern of mutual interaction exists between human and animals, which is treated as special symbiosis. This human-animal interaction happens where animals are there: pet stores, circus, stables, and the likes. The assumption that creation is purely good has a contradiction that sometimes surfaces regarding animal roles in society. As society creates the images of having â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† animals, it polarizes animals accordingly into bad or good ranking. Bad animals have been associated with demons, freaks, worms, and the likes. The good ones, on the other hand, are sided with pets and instruments and sometimes patronized like children. With the role of animals in society as subordinate, one author of human-animal relationship has inferred some conclusions that license society to dehumanize some minor members including children, women, blacks, and the elderly among others. Not all animal lovers are vegetarians, which becomes an issue when it comes to the ethics of meat eating. An invisible, sometimes inviolable â€Å"rules† exist on which animal are ideal to eat and which are forbidden by society. In fact, eating animal flesh is surrounded by confusing inconsistencies affecting people individually or globally. Hypocrisy and flesh eating In reality, people have to eat meat while they keep saying that they are not willing to face the fact that their meats come from four-legged creatures that had to be killed to satisfy their appetite. This shows hypocrisy and expresses disregard to animals. In fact, nobody wants to see the slaughtered animals reduced in sizes before finally wrapped in food-grade plastic bound for grocery chains. As more and more consumer meats are produced, more and more animals suffer unduly, even dying before reaching the slaughterhouses. This is so because meat or egg animals are similarly treated as objects or commercial commodities that do not suffer. When someone is strongly attached to their pets like cats or dogs, it is disgusting to think that other people with different cultural backgrounds eat these sorts of animals they adore. Let alone touring cats-dogs-rats eateries in foreign countries. One’s reaction would be violent repulsion, even considering them as cannibals. Because dogs and cats are considered attractive or cute, people in general do not kill or eat them. Not only cats and dogs, people also want to spare other similarly cute or attractive animals such as rabbits, deer, and horses among others. Although rabbits are considered as pet, others raise them on farms as food. Horses in the stable, on the table And how about eating horses? Americans as well as people from various backgrounds become completely emotional if not confused or nervously excited when it comes to this subject. The fact that thousands of unwanted horses are channeled to slaughterhouses yearly as export meat alerts concerned Americans to stop the practice and make it illicit. Animal lovers have long noticed the inhumane treatment that horses undergo on way to or at the slaughterhouse. Moreover, this bothers Americans so much since horses have molded significantly the history as well as the paradigmatic culture of the United States. Besides, horses in the US are regarded as non-food and sports entity and therefore need some sorts of protection. One sensible reaction of people who love animal to the above-mentioned plight is for them to become vegetarians. On the other hand, they may seek alternative means by their own design without resorting to having vegan diet. The fact is that, just what I mentioned before, the multitude keep silent in every suffering of meat animals reared in compact farms since they are tasty and good for the appetite. The point that I am driving here is that we should not make mentally an artificial boundary regarding our choices on which animals should be spared and which ones should be eaten based only on shallow emotional confidence. Nevertheless, out of respect, we recognize that every one of us has varying food eating beliefs that one is powerless to change. Equal rights for animals? Many Americans think that animals should be protected; even some think that they should be given equal rights as humans. Two animal moral theorists, namely Peter Singer and Tom Regan defend the rights of animal with their formed concepts. Singer sets his defense basing on the concept of utilitarian moral model and on equality. Singer, however, is more concerned with the proper treatment of animals than assigning rights to them. As an advocate of animal rights, Singer forwarded some ethical rights recommendations that mark or fix the limits of legal protection of both man and animal. Basing animal rights on the so-called marginal factors cannot serve as the only basis for having rights. Given that the normal paradigmatic men possess the capabilities of, or have human-like reasoning and emotional features, humans falling out of this paradigm dubbed as marginal men lack these attributes. Such marginality includes babies, young children, and the senile among others. If the normal paradigmatic men are endowed with certain rights due to their being rational, it follows then that the marginal men mentioned above cannot have rights basing on the rationality factor. Since the marginal theory fails to establish rights for all humans including the marginal cases, Singer and Regan have introduced further new moral theories that include rights and protection for some animals. Changing old concepts With such limitation and incompleteness of Singer’s traditional theories as bases for animal rights, Regan, on the other hand, introduced a complementary concept called â€Å"inherent† or natural value as a basis of rights. This natural value is not of rationality or of some other forms of quality since it is not earned and therefore, it cannot be lost or gained. This value is equal to all says Regan, whether one is considered as holy or criminal. Inherent value would give the best position to give reasons for one’s belief like human slavery is despised and eating new born is not right. Consequently, Regan’s moral theory gives both the normal paradigmatic men and the marginal men the same natural or inherent value. This value extends to animals, which gives them rights. Regan’s inherent theory has been confronted when asked on how to determine who has this value. He says that organisms with inherent value are those that posses the condition of being a subject of life. This means one has the ability to act, has a memory, has foresight, has goals, etc. Even those that are not a subject of life could also have inherent value like the comatose. It is surprising, however, on the point that irrational thing as plants could have inherent value though not a subject of life. Regan’s concept is an incomplete one and I feel likely that it is invalid since it cannot blend with reality, which makes the theory inconsistent vis-a-vis the true meaning of value. In a society, rights are vital and necessary for orderly survival. Based on social meaning, an animal having rights and protection is not justified as some people think. In the legal context, however, a legal sanction could be given to individuals who maltreat their own animals. In the proper perspective, moral co-existence with animal and legal relationship must be properly defined and established, since the two concepts could give some confusing variances. In an assessment of public opinion, some 71% of sampled representatives believe that animals need some form of legal protection, About 25 % of them, on the other hand, expressed that animals should be given the same rights enjoyed by humans. The remaining 3% think otherwise (Klein 2004). The theory of rights that concerns animals, however, is with confusion torn between animal welfare and the ideal basis of rights. Paradigm shift and spirituality What needed perhaps is a paradigm shift towards spirituality. We should not only show mercy to our kind but also kindness to al living creature. Both man and animal exhibit physical sensibilities and instinct. Nevertheless, man forgets this and he becomes cruel to animals. Sensibility in animals is the same as sensibility in men. Personally, I have the opinion that cruelty to animals inflicts more pain than cruelty to man. Animals cannot speak, nor show their suffering, not even representing themselves to government authorities. Animals harmed many times cannot seek justice or retaliate. It is my pleasure that the Office of the National Institute of Health (NIH 2008) is against the use of nonhumans for biomedical research regardless of the resulting benefits to man. With this view, I feel that we should demonstrate a high degree of consideration and kindness towards these creatures, perhaps more than that of man. Thousands of them need good home and giving just one pet a chance is a kind act (Animal Lovers Assistance League 2008). Teaching our children from infancy to be exceedingly kind to animals is a good sign of having spiritual value. As man commits more sins, animals remain innocent, which reminds us that one must give more kindness to the innocent. An exception, however, exists. One should not show mercy or kindness to ferocious animals since giving a mad animal an opportunity is tantamount to the destruction of thousand humans and animals. Simply said, sympathy to the beast renders cruelty or injustice to peaceful, blessed animals. Works Cited Animal Lovers Assistance League. 2008.